A model for integrating artificial intelligence into dispute resolution in the religious courts of Malang: opportunities and challenges for SDG 16
Abstract
This study examines the opportunities and challenges of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into dispute resolution in the Religious Courts of Malang City and Malang Regency, Indonesia, and considers its potential relevance to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16. Using a qualitative case study design, the research draws on interviews with three judges from the two courts, supported by observations and a review of relevant literature and documents. The findings indicate that existing judicial digitalisation provides a foundation for exploring AI-assisted services, but digital systems should not automatically be classified as AI. Potential applications include document management, information retrieval, administrative support, and assistance in preparing dispute resolution processes. However, their development raises concerns about data privacy, algorithmic bias, transparency, digital literacy, infrastructure, and institutional readiness. The study argues that AI integration should be approached cautiously, with appropriate legal and ethical safeguards and human oversight. Its potential contribution to SDG 16 depends not merely on technological efficiency but also on whether its use can support accessible, accountable, and fair justice.
References
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Hemrajani, R., & Agarwal, H. (2019). A Temporal Analysis Of The Supreme Court Of India’s Workload. Indian Law Review, 3(2), 125–158. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/24730580.2019.1636751
Hidayat, A. S. (2023). Utilization Of Technology In The Process Of Dispute Resolution In Religious Courts. Mizan: Journal Of Islamic Law, 11(1), 1–18.
Irvita, M., & Asriani, A. (2025). Transparency And Accountability In The Justice System: Building Public Trust And Justice: The Role Of Public Trust In Fair Law Enforcement. Priviet Social Sciences Journal, 5(4), 26–40.
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Kordzadeh, N., & Ghasemaghaei, M. (2022). Algorithmic Bias: Review, Synthesis, And Future Research Directions. European Journal Of Information Systems, 31(3), 388–409. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/0960085X.2021.1927212
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Medaglia, C. M., & Serbanati, A. (2010). An Overview Of Privacy And Security Issues In The Internet Of Things. In D. Giusto, A. Iera, G. Morabito, & L. Atzori (Eds.), The Internet Of Things (Pp. 389–395). Springer New York. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1674-7_38
Mufidah, G., Anisah, I. N., & Amir, M. A. (2025). Differentiated Case Management Terintegrasi Artificial Intelligence Dalam Sistem Manajemen Perkara Di Peradilan Indonesia. Judex Laguens, 3(2), 154–175. Https://Doi.Org/10.25216/Ikahi.3.2.8.2025.154-175
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Nof, S. Y. (2023). Automation: What It Means To Us Around The World, Definitions, Its Impact, And Outlook. In S. Y. Nof (Ed.), Springer Handbook Of Automation (Pp. 3–38). Springer International Publishing. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-030-96729-1_1
Novitasari, I., & Abbas, R. Y. (2025). Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Perdata Di Era Digital: Upaya Perlindungan Merek Dalam Ekosistem E-Commerce Indonesia. Semarang Law Review (SLR), 6(2), 350–366.
Oktavia, N. (2024). Pengaruh Artificial Intelligence Terhadap Proses Mediasi Dalam Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Di Kanada. Legal Advice Journal Of Law, 1(2), 1–19.
Pandia, H. (2025). Legal Certainty And Public Trust In The Legal System: A Qualitative Analysis. Indonesia Journal Of Engineering And Education Technology (IJEET), 3(2), 119–124.
Pradana, R. A., & Indrayanti, K. W. (2026). Artificial Intelligence And Judicial Integrity: Evaluating The Smart Majelis Judge Assignment System In Indonesia’s Military Courts. International Journal Of Research In Social Science And Humanities (IJRSS) ISSN: 2582-6220, DOI: 10.47505/IJRSS, 7(8), 1–10.
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Rediasa, K. D., Adnyani, N. K. S., & Yudiawan, I. D. G. H. Y. (2026). Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Sebagai Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Jual Beli Akun Game Online Berbasis Aset Digital. Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 4(2), 3398–3414.
Reis, J., Amorim, M., Melão, N., Cohen, Y., & Rodrigues, M. (2020). Digitalization: A Literature Review And Research Agenda. In Z. Anisic, B. Lalic, & D. Gracanin (Eds.), Proceedings On 25th International Joint Conference On Industrial Engineering And Operations Management – IJCIEOM (Pp. 443–456). Springer International Publishing. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-030-43616-2_47
Sayyaf, R. T. F. (2023). Mediasi Dan Sulh Sebagai Alternatif Terbaik Penyelesaian Sengketa Hukum Keluarga Islam. Asy-Syari’ah: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 9(2), 180–198.
Sayyaf, R. T. F., & Afkarina, A. (2022). Online Dispute Resolution (ODR): Online Mediation As An Alternative For Dispute Settlement During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Religious Courts. Al-’Adalah: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum Islam, 7(1), 39–56.
Setiawan, H., Handayani, I. G. A. K. R., Hamzah, M. G., & Tegnan, H. (2024). Digitalization Of Legal Transformation On Judicial Review In The Constitutional Court. Journal Of Human Rights, Culture And Legal System, 4(2), 263–298.
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Solikin, I., & Nasrullah, N. (2026). Intelligent Audio-Text Digital Archiving System For Court Proceedings Documentation. Journal Of Nexural Intelligence, 1(1), 60–66.
Supriadi, M. Muhibbin, & Suratman. (2025). Legal Effectiveness Of E-Litigation Implementation On Case Settlement: Evidence From The Malang City Religious Court. Lex Publica, 12(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.58829/Lp.12.1.2025.281
Susanto, M. I., & Supriyatna, W. (2020). Creating An Efficient Justice System With E-Court System In State Court And Religious Court Of Rights. International Journal Of Arts And Social Science, 3(3), 354–361.
Susilo, Y. J. (2025). Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Sengketa Berbasis Artificial Intelligence (AI): Meningkatkan Efisiensi Dalam Proses Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Pada Sektor Bisnis. JURNAL ILMIAH NUSANTARA, 2(2), 340–345.
Unesco. (2022). Recommendation On The Ethics Of Artificial Intelligence. United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization.
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Zeleznikow, J. (2021). Using Artificial Intelligence To Provide Intelligent Dispute Resolution Support. Group Decision And Negotiation, 30(4), 789–812. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10726-021-09734-1
Alessa, H. (2022). The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Online Dispute Resolution: A Brief And Critical Overview. Information & Communications Technology Law, 31(3), 319–342. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/13600834.2022.2088060
Ali, M., & Razzaque, N. (2023). The Key Problems Facing Civil Justice Today Are Cost, Delay & Complexity: A Critical Review. Scholars International Journal Of Law, Crime And Justice, 6(8), 438–446.
Al-Kasasbeh, H. H., Albalawee, N., Al-Khawaja, H. A., & Qtaishat, A. K. (2025). Legal Challenges Of Using AI And Big Data In Public Administration: Administrative Liability, Data Protection, And Public Services Efficiency. International Journal Of Sustainable Development & Planning, 20(6), 2639.
Baihaki, A., & Handayani, O. (2026). The Rising Divorce Rate In Indonesia: A Socio-Legal Analysis Of Islamic Family Law And Judicial Practices In The Religious Courts. KRTHA BHAYANGKARA, 20(2), 386–414.
Bedewy, S. F. (2024). The Impact Of Data Security And Privacy Concerns On The Implementation Of Integrated. Smart Cities: Foundations And Perspectives, 59. Https://Www.Google.Com/Books?Hl=Id&Lr=&Id=790oeqaaqbaj&Oi=Fnd&Pg=PA59&Dq=Privacy+And+Data+Security+Are+Also+Fundamental+Concerns&Ots=Kvenoc5rah&Sig=Qgyxiiv9o7_Mwkdc-Qhmzgvysza
Bertino, E. (2016). Data Security And Privacy: Concepts, Approaches, And Research Directions. 2016 IEEE 40th Annual Computer Software And Applications Conference (COMPSAC), 1, 400–407. Https://Ieeexplore.Ieee.Org/Abstract/Document/7552042/
Calice, M. N., Bao, L., Freiling, I., Howell, E., Xenos, M. A., Yang, S., Brossard, D., Newman, T. P., & Scheufele, D. A. (2023). Polarized Platforms? How Partisanship Shapes Perceptions Of “Algorithmic News Bias.” New Media & Society, 25(11), 2833–2854. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/14614448211034159
Carneiro, D., & Veloso, P. (2022). Ethics, Transparency, Fairness And The Responsibility Of Artificial Intelligence. In J. F. De Paz Santana, D. H. De La Iglesia, & A. J. López Rivero (Eds.), New Trends In Disruptive Technologies, Tech Ethics And Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 1410, Pp. 109–120). Springer International Publishing. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-030-87687-6_12
Creswell, J. W. (2002). Desain Penelitian. Pendekatan Kualitatif & Kuantitatif, Jakarta: KIK, 2, 121–180.
Dahraj, A. T. (2026). Regulation Of AI Simulation Software In Resolving Disputes Through ADR: A Focus On Outer Space Commerce Law. SSRN Electronic Journal. Https://Doi.Org/10.2139/Ssrn.6587923
Damanik, S. C., Tarigan, H., Pitoyo, A., & Almubaroq, H. Z. (2023). Perdamaian, Keadilan Dan Kelembagaan Yang Tangguh (Tujuan Sdgs Ke-16) Sebagai Tujuan Pertahanan Nasional Republik Indonesia Menghadapi Bonus Demografi Tahun 2030. NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 10(7), 3527–3532.
Davies, B. (2025). Ethics In Artificial Intelligence And Alternative Dispute Resolution: Generating AI/Human Reviewed Ethical Guidelines For ADR Practitioners And The Legal Profession. U. Mass. L. Rev., 20, 149.
Doni, M., & Hanani, S. (N.D.). How Do Religious Courts Adapt To Digital Justice? Evidence From Family Litigation In Indonesia. Retrieved August 19, 2026, From Https://Journal.Makwafoundation.Org/Index.Php/Hakamain/Article/Download/1733/1083
Donoghue, J. (2017). The Rise Of Digital Justice: Courtroom Technology, Public Participation And Access To Justice. The Modern Law Review, 80(6), 995–1025. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/1468-2230.12300
Fawaiq Sayyaf, R. T. (2024). Peran Pemerintah Dalam Mempromosikan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Di Indonesia. Asy-Syari’ah : Jurnal Hukum Islam, 10(2), 1–12. Https://Doi.Org/10.55210/Assyariah.V10i2.1633
Hamon, R., Junklewitz, H., & Sanchez, I. (2020). Robustness And Explainability Of Artificial Intelligence. Publications Office Of The European Union, 207(40), 2020.
Hemrajani, R., & Agarwal, H. (2019). A Temporal Analysis Of The Supreme Court Of India’s Workload. Indian Law Review, 3(2), 125–158. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/24730580.2019.1636751
Hidayat, A. S. (2023). Utilization Of Technology In The Process Of Dispute Resolution In Religious Courts. Mizan: Journal Of Islamic Law, 11(1), 1–18.
Irvita, M., & Asriani, A. (2025). Transparency And Accountability In The Justice System: Building Public Trust And Justice: The Role Of Public Trust In Fair Law Enforcement. Priviet Social Sciences Journal, 5(4), 26–40.
Khaliq, A. A., Ahmed, S. S., & Zafar, S. (2026). Artificial Intelligence In ODR Platforms: Ethical And Legal Concerns. ASSAJ, 5(01), 2033–2043.
Kordzadeh, N., & Ghasemaghaei, M. (2022). Algorithmic Bias: Review, Synthesis, And Future Research Directions. European Journal Of Information Systems, 31(3), 388–409. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/0960085X.2021.1927212
Küfeoğlu, S. (2022). SDG-16: Peace, Justice And Strong Institutions. In S. Küfeoğlu, Emerging Technologies (Pp. 487–496). Springer International Publishing. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-031-07127-0_18
Kumar, D. R., & Singh, P. (2024). The Rise Of The Robo-Mediator: AI’s Transformative Role In Alternative Dispute Resolution. White Black Legal, 3(1), 1–11.
Medaglia, C. M., & Serbanati, A. (2010). An Overview Of Privacy And Security Issues In The Internet Of Things. In D. Giusto, A. Iera, G. Morabito, & L. Atzori (Eds.), The Internet Of Things (Pp. 389–395). Springer New York. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1674-7_38
Mufidah, G., Anisah, I. N., & Amir, M. A. (2025). Differentiated Case Management Terintegrasi Artificial Intelligence Dalam Sistem Manajemen Perkara Di Peradilan Indonesia. Judex Laguens, 3(2), 154–175. Https://Doi.Org/10.25216/Ikahi.3.2.8.2025.154-175
Neo, J. L. (2021). Religious Courts And Rights In Plural Societies: Interlegal Gaps And The Need For Complex Concurrency. The Law & Ethics Of Human Rights, 15(2), 259–285. Https://Doi.Org/10.1515/Lehr-2021-2027
Nicuesa, A. E. V., & Saldaña, M. G. (2025). AI-Driven Alternative And Online Dispute Resolution In The European Union: An Analysis Of The Legal Framework And A Proposed Categorization. Computer Law & Security Review, 57, 106145.
Nof, S. Y. (2023). Automation: What It Means To Us Around The World, Definitions, Its Impact, And Outlook. In S. Y. Nof (Ed.), Springer Handbook Of Automation (Pp. 3–38). Springer International Publishing. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-030-96729-1_1
Novitasari, I., & Abbas, R. Y. (2025). Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Perdata Di Era Digital: Upaya Perlindungan Merek Dalam Ekosistem E-Commerce Indonesia. Semarang Law Review (SLR), 6(2), 350–366.
Oktavia, N. (2024). Pengaruh Artificial Intelligence Terhadap Proses Mediasi Dalam Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Di Kanada. Legal Advice Journal Of Law, 1(2), 1–19.
Pandia, H. (2025). Legal Certainty And Public Trust In The Legal System: A Qualitative Analysis. Indonesia Journal Of Engineering And Education Technology (IJEET), 3(2), 119–124.
Pradana, R. A., & Indrayanti, K. W. (2026). Artificial Intelligence And Judicial Integrity: Evaluating The Smart Majelis Judge Assignment System In Indonesia’s Military Courts. International Journal Of Research In Social Science And Humanities (IJRSS) ISSN: 2582-6220, DOI: 10.47505/IJRSS, 7(8), 1–10.
Raymond, A. H., & Shackelford, S. J. (2013). Technology, Ethics, And Access To Justice: Should An Algorithm Be Deciding Your Case. Mich. J. Int’l L., 35, 485.
Rediasa, K. D., Adnyani, N. K. S., & Yudiawan, I. D. G. H. Y. (2026). Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Sebagai Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Jual Beli Akun Game Online Berbasis Aset Digital. Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 4(2), 3398–3414.
Reis, J., Amorim, M., Melão, N., Cohen, Y., & Rodrigues, M. (2020). Digitalization: A Literature Review And Research Agenda. In Z. Anisic, B. Lalic, & D. Gracanin (Eds.), Proceedings On 25th International Joint Conference On Industrial Engineering And Operations Management – IJCIEOM (Pp. 443–456). Springer International Publishing. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-030-43616-2_47
Sayyaf, R. T. F. (2023). Mediasi Dan Sulh Sebagai Alternatif Terbaik Penyelesaian Sengketa Hukum Keluarga Islam. Asy-Syari’ah: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 9(2), 180–198.
Sayyaf, R. T. F., & Afkarina, A. (2022). Online Dispute Resolution (ODR): Online Mediation As An Alternative For Dispute Settlement During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Religious Courts. Al-’Adalah: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum Islam, 7(1), 39–56.
Setiawan, H., Handayani, I. G. A. K. R., Hamzah, M. G., & Tegnan, H. (2024). Digitalization Of Legal Transformation On Judicial Review In The Constitutional Court. Journal Of Human Rights, Culture And Legal System, 4(2), 263–298.
Shafik, W. (2025). SDG 16: Peace, Justice, And Strong Institutions—Digital Tools For Good Governance. In W. Shafik, Factoring Technology In Global Sustainability (Pp. 451–474). Springer Nature Singapore. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-981-96-7299-8_16
Solikin, I., & Nasrullah, N. (2026). Intelligent Audio-Text Digital Archiving System For Court Proceedings Documentation. Journal Of Nexural Intelligence, 1(1), 60–66.
Supriadi, M. Muhibbin, & Suratman. (2025). Legal Effectiveness Of E-Litigation Implementation On Case Settlement: Evidence From The Malang City Religious Court. Lex Publica, 12(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.58829/Lp.12.1.2025.281
Susanto, M. I., & Supriyatna, W. (2020). Creating An Efficient Justice System With E-Court System In State Court And Religious Court Of Rights. International Journal Of Arts And Social Science, 3(3), 354–361.
Susilo, Y. J. (2025). Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Sengketa Berbasis Artificial Intelligence (AI): Meningkatkan Efisiensi Dalam Proses Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Pada Sektor Bisnis. JURNAL ILMIAH NUSANTARA, 2(2), 340–345.
Unesco. (2022). Recommendation On The Ethics Of Artificial Intelligence. United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization.
Wang, P. (2008). What Do You Mean By" AI"? AGI, 171, 362–373. Https://Www.Google.Com/Books?Hl=Id&Lr=&Id=Atjvagaaqbaj&Oi=Fnd&Pg=PA362&Dq=AI+Means&Ots=9JX61KpZhP&Sig=Dpxwp8q-Jblnzg2h89fxp2tkjpq
Yadawa, S. K., & Singh, S. (2024). Safeguarding Privacy In The Age Of AI-Powered Legal Services: Navigating Data Protection Challenges And Ethical Imperatives. Indian JL & Just., 15, 135.
Zeleznikow, J. (2021). Using Artificial Intelligence To Provide Intelligent Dispute Resolution Support. Group Decision And Negotiation, 30(4), 789–812. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10726-021-09734-1
Authors
Fawaiq Sayyaf, R. T., Anggraeni, L., & Aydın, E. (2026). A model for integrating artificial intelligence into dispute resolution in the religious courts of Malang: opportunities and challenges for SDG 16. Asy-Syari’ah : Jurnal Hukum Islam, 12(2), 222–243. https://doi.org/10.55210/assyariah.v12i2.2648
Copyright (c) 2026 R. Tanzil Fawaiq Sayyaf, Luciana Anggraeni, Elif Aydın
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.